{"id":495,"date":"2020-02-12T21:21:17","date_gmt":"2020-02-12T21:21:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ctoinsight.com\/?p=495"},"modified":"2020-02-12T21:28:53","modified_gmt":"2020-02-12T21:28:53","slug":"programming-language-constants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ctoinsight.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/12\/programming-language-constants\/","title":{"rendered":"Programming Language Constants &#8211; Quick Reference"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Software developers writing programs in different languages are often challenged by lack of consistency for how constants are declared and used (pun intended!). This is a quick reference that compares rules and behavior around constants in Java, Swift, Javascript (ES6),  Rust, and C++.  The motivation for this is the annoying difference between the <code>let<\/code> keyword in Javascript ES6 and Swift that drives me crazy (it is a variable in ES6 and a constant in Swift).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Language<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>&#8220;Constant&#8221; Keyword<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>When is &#8220;Constantness&#8221; Enforced?<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Rules Related to &#8220;Constantness&#8221;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Javascript ES6<\/td><td>const<\/td><td>Run time<\/td><td>1. <code>const<\/code> variables must be assigned a value when declared and cannot be reassigned<br>2. <code>const<\/code> does not define a constant value, it defines a constant reference to a value (you can change the properties of a const object)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Swift<\/td><td>let<\/td><td>Compile time<\/td><td>1. After the value of a <code>let<\/code> variable is set, it cannot be changed. <br>2. But if it is initialized with a class object, the object itself can change, but the binding between the constant name and the object it refers to can\u2019t.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C++<\/td><td>#define<\/td><td>Gives compile-time warning if changed<\/td><td>Programmers use <code>#define<\/code> preprocessor macro&#8217;s to declare constants but these can be modified by subsequent <code>#define<\/code> statements (getting a compiler warning) or undefined with the <code>#undef<\/code> statement so there is no real enforcement of &#8220;constantness&#8221;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C++<\/td><td>const<\/td><td>Compile time<\/td><td>1. A <code>const<\/code> variable can&#8217;t have its value changed<br>2. Pointers declared as <code>const<\/code> can&#8217;t have their value changed but the memory they point to can be changed<br>3. You can only call <code>const<\/code> methods on objects that are declared as <code>const<\/code> <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Java<\/td><td>const<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>It is interesting that <code>const<\/code> is a reserved keyword in Java but it is not used<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Java<\/td><td>final<\/td><td>Compile Time<\/td><td>1. Once a <code>final<\/code> variable is assigned, it can&#8217;t be changed but it doesn&#8217;t need to be assigned at the point of initialization<br>2. If the <code>final<\/code> variable is an object, it will always point to the same object but the properties of the object can change<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Python<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>No such thing as a constant in Python.  Everything can change<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rust<\/td><td>const<\/td><td>Compile Time<\/td><td>1. Similar to Javascript ES6, constants are declared using the&nbsp;<code>const<\/code>&nbsp;keyword while variables are declared using the&nbsp;<code>let<\/code>&nbsp;keyword<br>2. Constants cannot have their value changed<br>3. Be aware that constants may not refer to the same memory location<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">JavaScript ES6<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ES6 introduced two new JavaScript keywords: <code>const<\/code> and <code>let<\/code>.  Both have block scope.  The difference is that <code>const<\/code> variables can&#8217;t vary &#8211; they have to be assigned a value when they are declared and can&#8217;t be reassigned after that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>const PI; \/\/ will give an error<br><s><br><\/s> const PI = 3.14; <br> PI = 3.14159; \/\/ will give an error<\/code> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But it is really the reference that is the constant and not the value it refers to.  So you can have a <code>const<\/code> object but still reassign its properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>const myCar = {color: \"red\", make: \"honda\", miles: 15000};<br> myCar.miles = 15500; \/\/ this is OK <\/code> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Swift<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast to Javascript ES6, the <code>let<\/code> keyword in Swift is used to declare a constant, not a variable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>let (firstNumber, secondNumber) = (5, 23)<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a let constant is declared in global scope, it needs to be initialized (like the declaration above).  But if you declare it inside a function, it can be initialized at runtime as long as it gets a value before it is first used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One thing to keep in mind is that if the constant is an object, the value it takes is a reference to the object that can&#8217;t be changed, but the properties of the object CAN change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C++<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Variables declared as const can&#8217;t have their values changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>const int maxarray = 255;<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Neither can pointers but you can change the memory location that the pointer points to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>char *mybuf = 0, *yourbuf; <\/code>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>char *const aptr = mybuf;    <\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>*aptr = 'a';   \/\/ OK because pointer value isn't changing<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>aptr = yourbuf;   \/\/ Error C3892<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objects that are declared <code>const<\/code> can only have <code>const<\/code> member functions called.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>const Date BirthDate( 1, 18, 1953 );    <\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>BirthDate.getMonth();    \/\/ Okay if getMonth() is a const function    <\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>BirthDate.setMonth( 4 ); \/\/ C2662 Error if setMonth is not a const<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note that because in C++, <code>const<\/code> is part of the type, it can be cast away and the value can be modified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Java<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <code>final<\/code> variable can only be assigned once.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>final int i = 1;<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>i = i + 5; \/\/ error<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But objects declared <code>final<\/code> can have their properties changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>final StringBuffer sb = newStringBuffer(\"Hello\");<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>sb.append(\" Steve\"); \/\/ this is OK<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rust<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rust uses the <code>const<\/code> and <code>let<\/code> keywords similar to the way Javascript ES6 uses them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>const N: i32 = 5; \/\/ can't be modified<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The nuance with Rust is that constants have no fixed address in memory. This is because they\u2019re effectively inlined to each place that they\u2019re used analogous to #define in C++ but not exactly the same. References to the same constant are thus not necessarily guaranteed to refer to the same memory address.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Featured image of Rocks at Joshua Tree Copyright \u00a9 2020 Steve Kowalski<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is a quick reference for how constants are declared and used in different programming languages.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":532,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[32,31,24,34,33],"class_list":["post-495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-software","tag-c","tag-java","tag-javascript","tag-python","tag-swift"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Programming Language Constants - Quick Reference - CTO Insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This is a quick reference for how constants are declared and used in different programming languages.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ctoinsight.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/12\/programming-language-constants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Programming Language Constants - Quick Reference - CTO Insights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This is a quick reference for how constants are declared and used in different programming languages.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ctoinsight.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/12\/programming-language-constants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CTO Insights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-02-12T21:21:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-02-12T21:28:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ctoinsight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/rocks.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"960\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Steve Kowalski\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Steve Kowalski\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ctoinsight.com\\\/index.php\\\/2020\\\/02\\\/12\\\/programming-language-constants\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ctoinsight.com\\\/index.php\\\/2020\\\/02\\\/12\\\/programming-language-constants\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Steve Kowalski\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ctoinsight.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ae035f84ffb32d94aa6f4aa9b3780df0\"},\"headline\":\"Programming Language Constants &#8211; 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